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[Music]

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okay thank you very much so I'm Mikkel

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Becky I'm a French I'm but I'm working

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in Berlin at the German Aerospace Center

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at the DLR and I'm going to talk about

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how to find life on Mars as you heard in

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the song but to do that we exposed some

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samples in space on the biomech

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experiments on the Expos r2 platform and

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I've been looking at preservation of

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Raman bio signatures from different

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organisms after space exposure so as you

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may know we have been to Mars in the

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1967 t6 with the Viking landers to

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really search for light there and wait

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so it's been 40 years since we really

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sent dedicated mission to search for

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life on Mars and a few days ago it's

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always also 40 years in the first hours

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was released I don't know if it's a

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coincidence or not but so we are almost

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ready to go back with new tools to

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really search for biosignatures as we

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heard those things that we can think

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were made by life on Mars and one of the

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tools we will be that will be doing this

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job will be Raman spectrometer although

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we we hope so so in the next two

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missions the next two Rovers to Mars x0

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algumas Rover 2020 and the moss 2020

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Rover from NASA will carry raman

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instruments to Mars but as we learned

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from the Viking missions we had to

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understand much more about life on Earth

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before we can find it elsewhere and so

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that's one of the goals of the this bio

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max experiment that we sent into space

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and so we are looking at lots of

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different microorganisms from Mars

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analog environments on earth and after

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exposing them to different conditions

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and specially simulated Mars conditions

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to see what we can detect after this

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exposure what we can expect to detect

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with the search instruments such Raman

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instruments on Mars so to simulate of

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course Martian conditions we can either

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use the ground-based facilities like

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Mars chambers

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to simulate radiations and so on but of

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course when you want all the combined

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effects of Martian environment stresses

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you can go to space and so there have

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been a lot of not a lot but a few

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platforms to do these jobs so the by

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open platforms or first those on the on

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the space shuttle or a long-duration

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exposure facility of NASA and but at the

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European Space Agency we've been doing

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with this with the expose platform so we

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had three missions so far on the exposed

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ER and our to the last one and so I was

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I had the chance to be involved in in

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this mission for during my PhD and now

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during my postdoc to analyze the the

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results from the samples that came back

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so this mission was launched in 2014 in

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July it was installed on the outside of

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the International Space Station in

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August on the Russian segment so that's

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why it's called expose our and so it

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began exposure in October we removed the

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cover and so on and the samples came

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back to earth last last June March and

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June so after 16 months in in low-earth

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orbit so in the space environment of the

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space station outside of the space

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station so it's not exactly like you

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would find on Mars but you have a still

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all the cosmic radiations the UVs we are

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stimulating all of that and so there

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were three biological experiments on

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expose and one has four chemical

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experiments and among the biology were

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the bio max experiments led by a my

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supervisor at Yale or in Berlin so that

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stands for biology and Mars experiments

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and as I said the big goal was to look

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at the stability and detection of

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biomolecules and there are these masla

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conditions and space conditions in order

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to create bio signature database for the

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future mass mission to really try to

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guide these missions to see what we can

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expect to find from all the examples we

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have on earth and also as a byproduct of

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course because we are we are exposing

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organisms we want to see the endurance

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of these different extremophiles under

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these conditions to assess the

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habitability of Mars a little panspermia

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theory

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and also we have some kombucha samples

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who might be useful to with report

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immune system of astronauts and also of

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course to test for future space

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exploration instruments so we had it's a

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big group in biomech so we had 27

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collaborating institutes from all around

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the world actually and so we were able

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to able to expose 15 different organisms

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from the free domain of life and nine

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different biomolecules so isolated

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molecules from these organisms or others

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and we mix them also with the 2mass

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regulate simulants and one lunar analog

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to see also what is the interplay

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between the minerals and the organisms

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or the minerals and the molecules to see

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if there there can be better preserved

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in certain minerals or if we can enhance

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the destruction of the molecules in

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other cases and so just a bit technical

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details for the mission so we had three

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trays on exposed by omics was here in

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the red part so the first ray was a

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space so it was fully evacuated to space

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vacuum and it had so many geum fluoride

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windows to have the food UV radiation

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from the sun and the second ray which

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was filled with mars like atmosphere so

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mars like gas at six mini bar pressure

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and co2 mainly and it had the cutoff

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filter for the UVs at 200 nanometers to

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recreate the martian atmosphere

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conditions and we had also a top and the

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bottom layers to have the fully exposed

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samples and the bottom to serve as a

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dark control in space to see what is the

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difference between UV radiations or the

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samples on year irradiated with the

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cosmic ray and Uniting radiation from

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the sun and so on and at the same time

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we had also experiments on the ground to

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serve as a control also on the ground to

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serve as the reference samples so here

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of course we cannot recreate the fully

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Uniting radiation spectrum that's why we

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go to space so we but we can recreate

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mostly the UV radiation vacuum and

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martian temperature and then martian

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atmosphere and also temperature cycles

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that samples are in parallel

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experiencing into space

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so what I was looking at mainly in the

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last few months were carotenoid

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molecules comprised in a cyanobacteria

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and green algae is so carotenoids are a

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very wide variety of molecules present

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in many many different organisms mostly

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photosynthetic s-- because they are they

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act as a secondary pigments for

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photosynthesis but they have also lots

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of different functions like they could

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be some prevail prebiotic lipids also

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yeah you know if interest but they're

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also very powerful antioxidant molecules

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so they are found in lots of

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extremophiles yeah organisms that live

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in a very harsh conditions and that have

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to deal with lots of stresses and so

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they are these molecules are very

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powerful to scavenge reactive oxygen

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species for instance and also what is

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very interesting is that they have a

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very high preservation potential like

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you can detect some cotton weeds by

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Raman in a 1.4 million years or all the

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samples and events the byproducts in a

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billion years old samples by GCMs so

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it's quite a good molecular and by Raman

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yes it has a very distinct Raman spectra

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so it could be very good to detect them

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on Mars when could potential by a

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Martian bio signature so so these two

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organisms yes so we had a gnostic

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cyanobacteria from antarctica and the

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sparrow cyst is green algae from

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Spitsbergen from the bulb art and so

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they I can go into resting stage and

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accumulate this cotton weights as you

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see this orange reddish color there and

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so we prepared this was done by our

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colleague Thomas Layla in Potsdam so we

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prepared them as I said in contact with

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these Martian mineral networks

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to see what is the interplay between the

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all the minerals and the cells and if

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you can protect on nor destroy more the

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bio signatures and so they were plated

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on these different analogs and as you

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can see under them the microscope here

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here you have the big colonies of Na

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stock and all the little dots here

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others versus these green algea cells

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and the first results of course is that

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they survived after 16 months into space

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they came back and our colleague Thomas

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Leia put them in culture and they were

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growing again no problem for them so

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that's already quite a quite a result

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not so surprising because as I said in

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the previous missions we've seen that

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lots of different organisms can survive

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space exposures we've been we have seen

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all from older cyanobacteria that they

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can survive after 16 months or even

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longer into space even some green algae

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is also have been already exposed

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tardigrades might for the most famous

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water bears yet has the password yeah

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but so we have already yeah yeah some

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examples of organism that survived but

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still when you add more and more that

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can survive this condition it's already

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good and so what I've been doing

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specifically it's looking at them by

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Raman spectroscopy so looking at if you

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don't know Raman is inelastic

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scattered light that is created by an

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excitation of monochromatic light on the

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samples and you have this this

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fingerprints of the of the different

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molecules that are very distinct and so

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it can be used for bio for biomolecules

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but mostly also for mineralogy so it's

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very good for mouse to have the mineral

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context but also in if you have a

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biomolecule there you could detect it

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and what can we see with cyanobacteria

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and green algae so this is the typical

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Raman spectra of carotenoids so you have

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the three peaks with the vibrations of

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the carbon-carbon regions and carbon

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methane essence but what we have in in

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these organisms are not of course single

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molecules but two pool of all the

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different cutting weeds expressing them

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so like so this spectra actually is not

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from one molecule but from the whole

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pool of the molecules and so we can do

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different images that are already

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different lines cancer to see the

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intensity or draw maps from the from the

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sample theory from the nostril colony so

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you can do the intensity map of the

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carotenoid signal on them and and these

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are the results after space exposure so

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as I said we have

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all the different minerals here and

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there here we have the top and bottom

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positions so these are the intensity

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maps so the first thing you can see is

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that you have signal everywhere even

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after 16 months into space so it's not

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really surprising because they survived

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so it shouldn't be completely destroyed

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because they can even grow after that

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but still the signal is completely

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preserved and if you take the average of

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the spectra you have almost no

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difference in in the in the spectra of

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all these conditions either on the

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different minerals or without minerals

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at all so that's already quite a

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promising result but yeah we try to go a

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bit into more details too to see if we

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can ever if we can quantify this

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preservation and this is still very

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preliminary I need to have students to

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code for me because I'm not very good at

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that to analyze all this data but what

283
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we can see is the intensity maximum of

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the signal that we are that we obtain

285
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from the raman spectra and here for for

286
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the moment it's a bit rough but we still

287
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we still see no difference for the

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nostril examples in the maximum

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intensity more or less it's a bit

290
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different for those Ferro sistas of all

291
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the green algae so the green energies

292
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are eukaryotes or more it advanced

293
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organisms and first of all it's a bit

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more difficult to spot them when there

295
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are mixed with minerals because of

296
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course you cannot see the big colonies

297
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of Na stock on these samples so you the

298
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coverage may vary you can pick your

299
00:12:41,939 --> 00:12:39,550
randomly some some some places to

300
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analyze but it's not it's not the same

301
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everywhere and here we have some

302
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differences between the so the different

303
00:12:51,689 --> 00:12:49,630
minerals used or without minerals and

304
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the different minerals used as we have a

305
00:12:57,600 --> 00:12:55,120
huge fluorescence coming up so I didn't

306
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say but we have a green laser so that's

307
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the same as we I'm using here and so

308
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that's the problem for photosensitive or

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biological molecules to analyze with the

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visible laser because you produce a lot

311
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of fluorescence out of it so that could

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be a problem for Mars too and here it's

313
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a bit messy and we

314
00:13:18,450 --> 00:13:15,850
lots of differences but we still need to

315
00:13:20,940 --> 00:13:18,460
go very a bit more into details about

316
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that and to see the trends between with

317
00:13:25,620 --> 00:13:22,630
all minerals and with the minerals what

318
00:13:27,480 --> 00:13:25,630
are the real the effects that they have

319
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but it seems that the minerals that can

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protect a bit more than without the

321
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minerals here so that's yeah that's for

322
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the moment that's what we have so they

323
00:13:39,060 --> 00:13:36,910
are very promising sign of bio

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signatures that we can detect by Raman

325
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and hopefully on Mars in the future and

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we have also a statistical method and

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their assessments and we have as I

328
00:13:50,730 --> 00:13:49,089
showed you many different organisms also

329
00:13:53,040 --> 00:13:50,740
containing iodine weights so we will

330
00:13:55,320 --> 00:13:53,050
compare with all of them and see what we

331
00:13:57,750 --> 00:13:55,330
can what we can say for a future

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database and hopefully what we can

333
00:14:13,880 --> 00:14:01,130
detect on Mars in the future thank you

334
00:14:21,240 --> 00:14:17,160
which kind of media you use for to grow

335
00:14:25,410 --> 00:14:21,250
your back tears so the not stock there

336
00:14:28,350 --> 00:14:25,420
are BG 11 the typical sign of bacteria

337
00:14:32,340 --> 00:14:28,360
okay so in that experiments you study

338
00:14:35,490 --> 00:14:32,350
the the physical effect of physical

339
00:14:39,480 --> 00:14:35,500
parameters on your bacteria you not

340
00:14:42,269 --> 00:14:39,490
mimic the mass environment chemical

341
00:14:44,280 --> 00:14:42,279
properties in your media right no no

342
00:14:46,440 --> 00:14:44,290
yeah not so much okay we just have the

343
00:14:48,750 --> 00:14:46,450
minerals mixed with that but yeah

344
00:14:50,850 --> 00:14:48,760
so molar area you use the same

345
00:14:53,370 --> 00:14:50,860
concentration of the chemicals also

346
00:14:58,079 --> 00:14:53,380
which are present on the mass in your

347
00:15:00,390 --> 00:14:58,089
media no no no no no yeah just the

348
00:15:03,300 --> 00:15:00,400
mineral analogues are analog mixture

349
00:15:05,699 --> 00:15:03,310
minerals of what we can find on Mars but

350
00:15:08,460 --> 00:15:05,709
not with the medium and so on not no so

351
00:15:11,040 --> 00:15:08,470
just to see the video connections in

352
00:15:12,720 --> 00:15:11,050
there are some small effects is there

353
00:15:15,449 --> 00:15:12,730
any change with the growth rates and

354
00:15:16,490 --> 00:15:15,459
growth pattern of abdui bacteria in

355
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space

356
00:15:21,720 --> 00:15:20,050
no no they are completely desiccated and

357
00:15:24,360 --> 00:15:21,730
so on so when they come back like we put

358
00:15:26,230 --> 00:15:24,370
them in normal liquid medium or we

359
00:15:28,269 --> 00:15:26,240
played them and so on and

360
00:15:30,220 --> 00:15:28,279
so know that we dilute them and played

361
00:15:39,340 --> 00:15:30,230
them so there is no no influence on that

362
00:15:41,829 --> 00:15:39,350
thank you it's interesting is if I've

363
00:15:44,380 --> 00:15:41,839
wonder if you've looked or if anyone's

364
00:15:46,120 --> 00:15:44,390
looked at transcriptomics before and

365
00:15:51,820 --> 00:15:46,130
after something into space to see if

366
00:15:53,590 --> 00:15:51,830
their gene expression changes ya know we

367
00:15:56,290 --> 00:15:53,600
send them we send these samples for

368
00:15:58,000 --> 00:15:56,300
single cell and a DNA analysis but

369
00:15:59,500 --> 00:15:58,010
that's not fun that's not from Swiss

370
00:16:03,550 --> 00:15:59,510
family I don't know why they are doing

371
00:16:05,500 --> 00:16:03,560
that okay but now there are in this you

372
00:16:08,199 --> 00:16:05,510
gated form so that's that's just going

373
00:16:11,650 --> 00:16:08,209
to be repair mechanisms activated after

374
00:16:14,380 --> 00:16:11,660
when you put them back so these are yeah

375
00:16:15,730 --> 00:16:14,390
maybe you will have like that you can go

376
00:16:17,769 --> 00:16:15,740
simulate this on the ground it's not

377
00:16:19,810 --> 00:16:17,779
fair you can accumulate accumulate

378
00:16:21,880 --> 00:16:19,820
damage and that's just the capacity of

379
00:16:23,889 --> 00:16:21,890
the cells to to have enough repair

380
00:16:26,460 --> 00:16:23,899
mechanisms they can repair all these

381
00:16:29,410 --> 00:16:26,470
damages but that's what they are

382
00:16:31,150 --> 00:16:29,420
experiencing anyway in the already on

383
00:16:33,760 --> 00:16:31,160
earth like we are in on terrific and so

384
00:16:38,019 --> 00:16:33,770
on they have to so that's yeah that's

385
00:16:41,949 --> 00:16:38,029
what they are good that's here what

386
00:16:44,170 --> 00:16:41,959
makes Raman spectroscopy special in your

387
00:16:46,750 --> 00:16:44,180
case is it because you have some

388
00:16:50,170 --> 00:16:46,760
symmetrical molecules like they all have

389
00:16:51,940 --> 00:16:50,180
center of inversion I think yeah

390
00:16:55,090 --> 00:16:51,950
discontinuity yeah because there are

391
00:16:57,070 --> 00:16:55,100
pigments so they absorb and the in the

392
00:16:59,019 --> 00:16:57,080
visible spectrum so when you use a

393
00:17:01,420 --> 00:16:59,029
visible laser spectrum they have a

394
00:17:04,240 --> 00:17:01,430
resonance effect so you can you enhance

395
00:17:06,640 --> 00:17:04,250
the Raman signal a lot and so you can

396
00:17:09,069 --> 00:17:06,650
detect them very easily so that's what

397
00:17:11,230 --> 00:17:09,079
that's why these molecules are model

398
00:17:15,400 --> 00:17:11,240
molecules for ramen for biosignatures

399
00:17:16,990 --> 00:17:15,410
and and then yeah the good thing about

400
00:17:18,970 --> 00:17:17,000
ramen is that it's a non-destructive

401
00:17:20,319 --> 00:17:18,980
method so you can use very low laser

402
00:17:21,549 --> 00:17:20,329
powers and so on and you're not

403
00:17:23,230 --> 00:17:21,559
destroying them

404
00:17:24,730 --> 00:17:23,240
you're not destroying the molecules so

405
00:17:27,419 --> 00:17:24,740
then you can use another technique to

406
00:17:30,790 --> 00:17:27,429
confirm as we are that we need a lot of

407
00:17:33,730 --> 00:17:30,800
evidences to make an assumption about

408
00:17:35,840 --> 00:17:33,740
the bio signature really so you can have

409
00:17:38,000 --> 00:17:35,850
a first glance with that and then use